| The Right Honourable The Lord Northcote GCMG, GCIE, CB, PC |
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|---|---|
| 3rd Governor-General of Australia | |
| In office 21 January 1904 – 9 September 1908 |
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| Monarch | Edward VII |
| Preceded by | The Lord Tennyson |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Dudley |
| 12th Governor of Bombay | |
| In office 17 February 1900 – 5 September 1903 |
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| Preceded by | William Mansfield |
| Succeeded by | James Monteath |
| Member of Parliament for Exeter |
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| In office 1880–1899 Serving with Edward Johnson (1880–1885) |
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| Preceded by | John George Johnson |
| Succeeded by | Edgar Vincent |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 18 November 1846 London, United Kingdom |
| Died | 29 September 1911 (aged 64) Ashford, Kent United Kingdom |
| Spouse(s) | Alice Stephen DBE (d. 1934) |
Henry Stafford Northcote, 1st Baron Northcote GCMG, GCIE, CB, PC (18 November 1846 – 29 September 1911), known as Sir Henry Northcote, Bt, between 1887 and 1900, was a Conservative politician and colonial administrator. He served as the third Governor-General of Australia between 1904 and 1908.
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Northcote was born in London, the second son of the prominent Conservative politician Sir Stafford Northcote, later first Earl of Iddesleigh, by his wife cecilia Frances, daughter of Thomas Farrer and sister of Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer. He was educated at Eton and Merton College, Oxford (B.A. 1869; M.A. 1873), and then joined the Foreign Office as a diplomat.[1]
Northcote was secretary to the British delegation negotiating the Alabama Claims between 1871 and 1873. From 1877 to 1880 he was private secretary to his father, then Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1880 he was elected to the House of Commons as MP for Exeter, a seat he held until 1899. He served under Lord Salisbury as Financial Secretary to the War Office between 1885 and 1886 and as Surveyor-General of the Ordnance between 1886 and 1888, when that office was abolished.[1] He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1880[2] and created a Baronet, of Seamore Place in the Parish of St George, Hanover Square, in the County of Middlesex, in 1887.[3] In 1899 he was appointed Governor of Bombay.[4] In early 1900 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Northcote, of the City and County of the City of Exeter,[5] and appointed a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE).[6]
Northcote was still Governor of Bombay when the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain, offered him the post of Governor-General of Australia in 1903.[7] The first two Governors-General, Lord Hopetoun and Lord Tennyson, had served shortened terms and had had difficult relations with Australian ministers. Both the British and Australian governments wanted stability and continuity, and Northcote was appointed for a five-year term. His life-long experience in politics and his time in Bombay made him a suitable appointment. He was neither as imperious as Hopetoun nor as stuffy as Tennyson, and he made a good impression with both politicians and the public.
This was just as well, because Northcote was the first Australian Governor-General to have to deal with political instability. In doing this, he sought the advice of the Chief Justice of the newly created High Court of Australia, Sir Samuel Griffith.[8] In April 1904 the Prime Minister, Alfred Deakin, resigned, and was succeeded in quick succession by the Labor leader Chris Watson, the Free Trade leader George Reid and then Deakin again. Both Watson and Reid asked Northcote to dissolve Parliament before their resignations, and in both cases he refused. At this time no-one doubted that the Governor-General had a discretion in these cases. It is a measure of Northcote's standing that all these leaders respected his decisions.
Like his predecessors, Northcote saw himself as a diplomatic representative of the British government as well a vice-regal representative. He was actively involved in negotiations between the British and Australian governments over contentious trade and shipping issues, although his role diminished after 1906 when the Liberal Party came to power in Britain, cutting off much of his influence in London.
In 1907 Northcote and Deakin had a falling out when the Governor-General, on instructions from London, declined to give his assent to a bill restricting appeals from the Australian courts to the Privy Council in London. Deakin, although a loyal Imperialist, believed that Australian parliaments should be sovereign in Australia, and bluntly told Northcote so. This prompted Northcote to announce in February 1908 that he wished to resign, a year early. He left Australia in September. He had been made a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1904[9] and in 1909 he was sworn of the Privy Council.[1]
Lord Northcote married Alice, adopted daughter of George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, in 1873. There were no children from the marriage. Alice was created a Companion of the Order of the Crown of India (CI) in 1878 and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1919. Northcote's health declined after his return to Britain from Australia and he died in September 1911, aged 64. The barony became extinct on his death. Lady Northcote died in June 1934.[1]
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Arthur Mills John George Johnson |
Member of Parliament for Exeter 1880–1899 With: Edward Johnson (1880–1885) (representation reduced to one member 1885) |
Succeeded by Edgar Vincent |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by Charles Stuart-Wortley |
Chairman of the National Union of Conservative Constitutional Associations 1893 |
Succeeded by James Rankin |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Sir Arthur Hayter, Bt |
Financial Secretary to the War Office 1885–1886 |
Succeeded by Herbert Gladstone |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by William Woodall |
Surveyor-General of the Ordnance 1886–1887 |
Succeeded by Post abolished |
| Government offices | ||
| Preceded by The Viscount Sandhurst |
Governor of Bombay 1900–1903 |
Succeeded by The Lord Lamington |
| Preceded by The Lord Tennyson |
Governor-General of Australia 1904–1908 |
Succeeded by The Earl of Dudley |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baron Northcote 1899–1911 |
Extinct |
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